The Plant History of the Marvelous Soybean

The Plant History of the Marvelous Soybean Soybean (Glycine max) is accepted to have been trained from its wild relative Glycine soja, in China somewhere in the range of 6,000 and 9,000 years back, in spite of the fact that the particular locale is muddled. The issue is, the current geographic scope of wild soybeans is all through East Asia and reaching out into neighboring areas, for example, the Russian far east, the Korean landmass and Japan. Researchers recommend that, similarly as with numerous other trained plants, the procedure of soybean taming was a moderate one, maybe occurring over a time of between 1,000-2,000 years. Tamed and Wild Traits Wild soybeans develop as creepers with numerous sidelong branches, and it has a similarly longer developing season than the trained form, blooming later than developed soybean. Wild soybean produces minuscule dark seeds instead of huge yellow ones, and its units break effectively, advancing significant distance seed dispersal, which ranchers by and large object to. Residential landraces are littler, bushier plants with upstanding stems; cultivars, for example, that for edamame have erect and conservative stem engineering, high gather rates and high seed yield. Different characteristics reproduced in by old ranchers incorporate bug and infection opposition, expanded yield, improved quality, male sterility and richness rebuilding; however wild beans are still increasingly versatile to a more extensive scope of regular habitats and are impervious to dry spell and salt pressure. History of Use and Development Until now, the most punctual reported proof for the utilization of Glycine of any sort originates from scorched plant survives from wild soybean recouped from Jiahu in Henan territory China, a Neolithic site involved somewhere in the range of 9000 and 7800 schedule years prior (cal bp). DNA-based proof for soybeans has been recouped from the early Jomon segment levels of Sannai Maruyama, Japan (ca. 4800-3000 BC). Beans from Torihama in the Fukui prefecture of Japan were AMS dated to 5000 cal bp: those beans are bounty sufficiently enormous to speak to the household variant. The Middle Jomon [3000-2000 BC) site of Shimoyakebe had soybeans, one of which was AMS dated to between 4890-4960 cal BP. It is viewed as local dependent on size; soybean impacts on Middle Jomon pots are additionally essentially bigger than wild soybeans. Bottlenecks and the Lack of Genetic Diversity The genome of wild soybeans was accounted for in 2010 (Kim et al). While most researchers concur that DNA bolsters a solitary purpose of source, the impact of that training has made some surprising qualities. One promptly obvious, sharp distinction among wild and residential soybean exists: the local form has about a large portion of the nucleotide assorted variety than that which is found in wild soybeanthe level of misfortune differs from cultivar to cultivar. An investigation distributed in 2015 (Zhao et al.) proposes that the hereditary decent variety was diminished by 37.5% in the early training procedure, and afterward another 8.3% in later hereditary upgrades. As per Guo et al., that may well have been identified with Glycine spps capacity to self-fertilize. Verifiable Documentation The soonest recorded proof for soybean use originates from Shang administration reports, composed at some point between 1700-1100 BC. Entire beans were cooked or aged into a glue and utilized in different dishes. By the Song Dynasty (960-1280 AD), soybeans had a blast of employments; and in the sixteenth century AD, the beans spread all through southeast Asia. The primary recorded soybean in Europe was in Carolus Linnaeuss Hortus Cliffortianus, gathered in 1737. Soybeans were first developed for elaborate purposes in England and France; in 1804 Yugoslavia, they were developed as an enhancement in creature feed. The main recorded use in the US was in 1765, in Georgia. In 1917, it was found that warming soybean supper made it reasonable as animals feed, which prompted the development of the soybean handling industry. One of the American defenders was Henry Ford, who was keen on both nourishing and mechanical utilization of soybeans. Soy was utilized to make plastic parts for Fords Model T car. By the 1970s, the US provided 2/3 of the universes soybeans, and in 2006, the US, Brazil and Argentina became 81% of the world creation. A large portion of the USA and Chinese harvests are utilized locally, those in South America are sent out to China. Present day Uses Soybeans contain 18% oil and 38% protein: they are novel among plants in that they flexibly protein equivalent in quality to creature protein. Today, the principle use (about 95%) is as eatable oils with the rest for modern items from beautifying agents and cleanliness items to paint removers and plastics. The high protein makes it helpful for animals and aquaculture takes care of. A littler rate is utilized to make soy flour and protein for human utilization, and a considerably littler rate is utilized as edamame. In Asia, soybeans are utilized in an assortment of eatable structures, including tofu, soymilk, tempeh, natto, soy sauce, bean grows, edamame and numerous others. The formation of cultivars proceeds, with new forms reasonable for developing in various atmospheres (Australia, Africa, Scandinavian nations) and additionally for creating various attributes making soybean appropriate for human use as grains or beans, creature utilization as scrounge or supplements, or modern uses in the creation of soy materials and papers. Visit the SoyInfoCenter site to get familiar with that. Sources This article is a piece of the About.com manual for the Plant Domestication, and the Dictionary of Archeology. Anderson JA. 2012. Assessment of soybean recombinant ingrained lines for yield potential and protection from Sudden Death Syndrome. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Crawford GW. 2011. Advances in Understanding Early Agriculture in Japan. Current Anthropology 52(S4):S331-S345. Devine TE, and Card A. 2013. Scavenge soybeans. In: Rubiales D, editorial manager. Vegetable Perspectives: Soybean: A Dawn to the Legume World. Dong D, Fu X, Yuan F, Chen P, Zhu S, Li B, Yang Q, Yu X, and Zhu D. 2014. Hereditary decent variety and populace structure of vegetable soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in China as uncovered by SSR markers. Hereditary Resources and Crop Evolution 61(1):173-183. Guo J, Wang Y, Song C, Zhou J, Qiu L, Huang H, and Wang Y. 2010. A solitary inception and moderate bottleneck during training of soybean (Glycine max): suggestions from microsatellites and nucleotide groupings. Archives of Botany 106(3):505-514. Hartman GL, West ED, and Herman TK. 2011. Yields that feed the World 2. Soybean-overall creation, use, and imperatives brought about by pathogens and nuisances. Food Security 3(1):5-17. Kim MY, Lee S, Van K, Kim T-H, Jeong S-C, Choi I-Y, Kim D-S, Lee Y-S, Park D, Ma J et al. 2010. Entire genome sequencing and concentrated examination of the undomesticated soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. what's more, Zucc.) genome. Procedures of the National Academy of Sciences 107(51):22032-22037. Li Y-h, Zhao S-c, Ma J-x, Li D, Yan L, Li J, Qi X-t, Guo X-s, Zhang L, He W-m et al. 2013. Atomic impressions of taming and improvement in soybean uncovered by entire genome re-sequencing. BMC Genomics 14(1):1-12. Zhao S, Zheng F, He W, Wu H, Pan S, and Lam H-M. 2015. Effects of nucleotide obsession during soybean taming and improvement. BMC Plant Biology 15(1):1-12. Zhao Z. 2011. New Archaeobotanic Data for the Study of the Origins of Agriculture in China. Current Anthropology 52(S4):S295-S306.

MacBeth - Lady Essays - Characters In Macbeth,

MacBeth - Lady [emailprotected] In Shakespeares Macbeth, Lady Macbeths character is a spouse and, now and again, friend to Macbeth. Woman Macbeth is a decent spouse to Macbeth, if not generally a decent individual; in any case, she doesn't genuinely prevail with regards to winning him a title he can be secure in and appears to just incompletely comprehend her better half. Woman Macbeth is a committed spouse and has a resolve seeking after Macbeths interests. Her lone concern is for him - that he will obtain and keep the crown. Her desire is truly for Macbeth and not herself. Woman Macbeth additionally shows extraordinary quality when after Macbeth has become King, she is as yet worried about the wellbeing in his new title: Noughts had, alls spent, Where our longing is got without content: Tis more secure to be what we demolish Than by obliteration stay in suspicious euphoria. (3, 2, 4-7) Notwithstanding this, she conceals her questions, faking certainty, and discloses to him Things without all cure/Should be without respect: Whats done will be finished. (3, 2, 12-13) Woman Macbeth is fit for extraordinary fiendishness, and interfaces herself to genuine dim powers when she gathers them to her guide saying, Come, you spirits/That tend on mortal considerations! Unsex me here (1, 5, 39-40). Woman Macbeth doesn't prevail with regards to making sure about Macbeth a situation as King. The prediction remains that Banquo shalt get rulers, not Macbeth. Woman Macbeth and her significant other are continually in dread of their wrongdoing being found and being rebuffed for their wrongdoing: We have burned the snake, not killd it (3, 2, 13) Woman Macbeth knows her spouses excellencies may shield him from murdering Duncan. She says in the wake of accepting his letter, I dread thy nature;/It is too full o the milk of human thoughtfulness/To get the closest way (1, 5, 15-17). She realizes Macbeth isn't without aspiration, however without/the disease ought to go to it (1, 5, 18-19). Woman Macbeth realizes that her better half qualities his respect and courage and utilizations that to drive him into submitting the homicide, expressing such things as When you durst do it, at that point you were a man (1, 7, 49) and Art thou afeard/To be the equivalent in thine own demonstration and valor/As thou craftsmanship in want? (1, 7, 39-41) Despite the fact that Lady Macbeth appears to realize her spouses explanations behind and against slaughtering Duncan, she doesn't comprehend his heart. She doesn't understand that Macbeth will be tormented by his contemplations on the off chance that he submits the homicide. Having done as such, Macbeth feels outrageous blame: I am hesitant to think what I have done (2, 2, 51). Woman Macbeth shows that however she may not completely comprehend Macbeths sentiments, she is a tough lady who is committed to and cherishes her significant other.

5 Useful Image Optimization Tools For Bloggers

5 Useful Image Optimization Tools For Bloggers Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!5 Useful Image Optimization Tools For BloggersUpdated On 07/10/2019Author : Jayaditya ChakrabartyTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://hbb.me/1vbdcV7 CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogA picture tells a thousand words, we all know that fact. And this is also applicable when you are writing any content for your blog, if an article is just filled with paragraphs and text it does not look good at all and when it comes to tutorials or guides, some important images are must. Everyone, especially people who start blogging actually starts using pictures from various sources, they mostly search the internet, find out some images and use them. But here’s the catch, ‘How relevant is your picture’ and how is it gonna help you?Useful Image Optimization ToolsSome people download pictures, and edit them just to make sure that they are clear enough to make people understand what the y want to say. But pictures are not as light weight as we see, especially when it comes to web. Pictures consume awful amount of space and using large images on your articles may slow down the speed and the result? Readers will get bored. So, here we will talk about Top 5 image optimization tools and utilities that you should always use to optimize your images in a proper manner and use them on your blog or website. Lets get started.1. RIOTThe name sounds fishy? But in fact, it means ‘Radical Image Optimization Tool’ which is a great freeware and a small sized toll for optimizing your images. It can compress your images, and helps to reduce the size of the image, as here you can see I have reduced the size from 69KB to 39KB, also you can set the size you want by click on ‘Compress to size’ button on the lower right part and enter the desired value. However, you may not get very good results by entering value, better to set the slide and see the changes. Also you can adjust c ontrast, brightness and gamma of the image and make some changes like you can rotate or flip the image. This is a basic and small tool which will help you reduce the size of the images very easily and it also works very fast.READWhy You Should Attend Blogger Meetups2. CaesiumThe name sounds great and also, this tool works fine for optimizing images according to your need. With Caesium, you can also resize the images. This is extremely helpful when it comes to adding some images for illustrative purpose, so that they are suitable for your article, but also, they need to be small.3. ImageOptim 1.4.0This is a small tool for Mac users which will help in compressing images via lossless operation, which means it will not cut down the colours resulting in no loss of quality, but due to its lossless operation, file sizes will not get very smaller than the original ones.4. AVS Image ConverterThis is one of the tools that you need to pay for, yes the basic features are free which includes con version to various formats including jpg, png,gif,pdf, bmp. Just like Caesium, you can resize the images. Also, it has got a ‘Watermark’ feature which you can use to add your logo as watermark in the images you own to stop piracy. Also, it has got various correction options.5. JPEGMiniThis is a pretty interesting tool for Mac users. You can use the trial for free, but that limits the number of image conversions to 20/day. However, this tool works great. Though it is not lossless, it does not disturb the image too much. You can get more than 70% compression with very little loss in quality.So, here are our Top 5 must have image optimization tools and utilities to optimize images for your blog. Need more tips and help, guide to excellence of your blog? Leave a comment below and like our page on Facebook to stay updated. Happy Blogging! ??

Important about Recycling - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1132 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/03/14 Category Environment Essay Level High school Tags: Recycling Essay Did you like this example? Decoupling monetary development from asset utilize is a standout amongst the most basic and complex difficulties confronting humankind today. Doing as such successfully will require strategies that make a favorable domain for such change, social and physical framework and markets, and a significant change of business rehearses along worldwide esteem chains. The per capita material impression of creating nations developed from 5 metric tons in 2000 to 9 metric tons in 2017, speaking to a noteworthy enhancement in the material way of life. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Important about Recycling" essay for you Create order The majority of the expansion is credited to an ascent in the utilization of non-metallic minerals, indicating development in the regions of foundation and development. For a wide range of materials, created nations have no less than twofold the per capita impression of creating nations. Specifically, the material impression for non-renewable energy sources is in excess of multiple times higher for created than creating nations. By 2018, a sum of 108 nations had national approaches and activities significant to manageable utilization and creation. As per an ongoing report from KPMG, 93 percent of the worlds 250 biggest organizations as far as income are presently providing details regarding supportability, as are seventy-five percent of the best 100 organizations in 49 nations. Advancing reusing activities and driving worldwide help, supportability and social business enterprise programs flourish in a comprehensive joint effort with ReJews. Gathering plastic jugs and jars. Getting reusing sacks. Planning reusing pickup and handling. Advancing mindfulness locally. Expanding support all around. Worldwide effort and publicizing efforts help bolster the conveyance of reusing packs and maintainability instruction Through correspondence mediums, for example, email, WhatsApp, Facebook, and Skype, the program is composed as a way to guarantee appropriate and adequate help is given to help accomplish supportability objectives all through schools and networks Network optional school obiofia, Harare Lemba Synagogue, Siyah Yisrael Bet Knesset, NextGen Africa Initiative, Great Zimbabwe Synagogue, Tetrad Tree Foundation. The 3/25/16 acknowledgment and planned 3/28/16 arrival of the Nigerian school raising support and mindfulness crusade on Google One Today denotes the dispatch of a noteworthy advance forward in the worldwide advancement of maintainability and social enterprise. With the supported help of Google and GoDaddy, challenges, assuming any, were limited through web and telephone support to guarantee the administration of innovation. Proceeding to help the accomplishment of Sustainable Development Goals around the globe, sharing the Google One Today crusade through the web, network relations, and web based life is a basic following stage to be taken. Network optional school obiofia, Harare Lemba Synagogue, Siyah Yisrael Bet Knesset, NextGen Africa Initiative, Great Zimbabwe Synagogue, Tetrad Tree Foundation Through natural training, supplies, and universal coordinated effort, an uplifted concentration and enduring responsibility will be improved to encourage manufacture and greener lives. Thi s supportability and social advancement activity finances supplies, natural instruction programs, and the general help required by network schools to have the capacity to deal with their reusing in Nigerias Nnewi, Anambra, Gudaba, Kuje, crosswise over Africa, and around the globe! While not on the forefront of atmosphere arrangements, reusing of waste materials, wastewater, and squandered vitality is a locally accessible and exceptionally attractive methods for lessening ozone harming substances. One powerful ozone depleting substance, the methane transmitted from landfills and wastewater, represents around 90 percent of ozone harming substance emanations from the whole waste division. That sum is 18 percent of human-caused methane emanations internationally and around three percent of aggregate ozone depleting substances, as indicated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.1 Diverting waste headed for landfills and putting it to great utilize, at that point, is an undeniable and demonstrated means for saving area and assets, as we have known for quite a while; we would now be able to include the information from various examinations that these practices likewise reinforce atmosphere assurance. This article draws on precedents from around the globe to depict the atmosphere impacts of family unit reusing and reuse, the cyclic asset streams crosswise over groups of organizations known as mechanical beneficial interaction, and expansive strategy proposition for national scale asset utilize. It draws exercises from the frameworks point of view given by mechanical environment, another field steadfastly centered around the streams of material, vitality, and water through frameworks at various scales, from items to production lines to nations and locales. How does asset reuse influence atmosphere? Pushing vitality through cogeneration, reuse of farming squanders, or recuperation of vitality escalated materials, for example, aluminum, diminishes ozone harming substances. Since most business vitality is delivered from consuming petroleum derivatives, the power age part transmits more ozone depleting substances than some other mechanical area. Cycling materials for use in other generation forms diminishes the lifecycle impacts, when contrasted and virgin materials that must be removed from the earth and after that changed and transported through various stages. Recuperated assets free up land and capital for different open doors that would have been required for the equal measure of products to be produced using virgin assets. Cycling water implies utilizing it more than once, a basic and progressively pressing practice where water is rare inferable from expected changes in precipitation designs expedited by environmental change. To catc h these ideas, modern scientists utilize the expression installed utility: the aggregate sum of the water, vitality, and materials utilized for all extraordinary lifecycle phases of an item from starting to end.2 Embedded utilities is fundamental to mechanical nature: if an item is landfilled, these assets are lost. Reusing is the way toward gathering and handling materials that would somehow or another be discarded as waste and transforming them into new items. Reusing can profit your locale and nature. Recycling creates jobs EPA discharged noteworthy discoveries on the monetary advantages of the reusing business with a refresh to the national Recycling Economic Information (REI) Study in 2016. This investigation dissects the quantities of occupations, wages and assessment incomes credited to reusing. The examination found that in a solitary year, reusing and reuse exercises in the United States represented: 757,000 occupations $36.6 billion in wages; and $6.7 billion in duty incomes. This likens to 1.57 employments, $76,000 in wages, and $14,101 in duty incomes for each 1,000 tons of materials reused. Benefits of recycling Lessens the measure of waste sent to landfills and incinerators, Monitors regular assets, for example, timber, water and minerals, Increments monetary security by drawing from a residential wellspring of materials, Averts contamination by lessening the need to gather new crude materials, Spares vitality, Backings American assembling and rations important assets, Makes occupations in the reusing and assembling enterprises in the United States. They are donating their clothes and other things to save are world. We are coming up with programs to do at school and in the community to protect this earth. We as the people on this earth have to make sure this world is clean and we stay clean. If we dont than nobody will and this world will be dirty and never will be clean.

The World Of Color By B Dubois - 922 Words

The Scramble for Africa can easily be defined as the forced invasion and division of African countries among European superpowers. Those powers included Great Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, and Belgium. Each superpower wanted control over a certain area on the continent and would do anything to ensure that their area remained in their best interest. To bring the conflicts to the forefront, the countries participated in the Berlin Africa Conference in 1884-1885. In this conference, the issues of Anglo-German relations and everybody’s control in Africa were discussed. As a result of the conference, European control began to overtake the African continent and imperialism became a giant part of the European mark. In his book, â€Å"Worlds of Color† W.E.B DuBois discusses the idea of whole colonial enterprise stating that the problem the world faces is the color line. This can easily be interpreted as Dr. DuBois giving the idea that if World, more speci fically European superpowers stop viewing the color line and Africa’s color line as something less than them a lot of the world’s issues could be detected and fixed. But more importantly, Dr. DuBois is stating that without the Worlds of Color, European industrialization would not exist. DuBois starts his analysis of Portugal by telling the story of his time at the Third Pan-African Congress. He shares his astonishment and excitement at the sight of a black man representing Portugal. Once congress formalitiesShow MoreRelatedHow The Veil And Double Consciousness Theory1590 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes the contributions of W.E.B Dubois fit into the world today? In order to dive into this topic we can follow the works of social theorist W.E.B. Dubois and the effect they may have on black athletes. Dubois introduced the world to sociological theories such as the veil and double consciousness. In this analysis, I will provide examples of how the Veil and Double Consciousness theories contribute to today’s society by observing professional black athletes. Dubois understood what it meant to be aRead MoreIdentity in Zora Neale Hurston’s How It Feels to Be Colored Me1408 Words   |  6 PagesZora Neale Hurston’s â€Å"How It Feels to Be Colored Me† can be interpreted as a reverse response of W. E. B. DuBois’ concept of â€Å"double consciousness† that he describes in â€Å"The Souls of Black Folk.† Hurston shows that not all African Americans experience a sense of double consciousness and that some are instilled with the self confidence required to embrace one’s â€Å"blackness.† First, it may be helpful to define consciousness before attempting to explain the notion of double consciousness. ConsciousnessRead More Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois Common Goal of Equality for African Americans1542 Words   |  7 PagesBooker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois Common Goal of Equality for African Americans The United States societal system during the 19th century was saturated with a legacy of discrimination based upon race. Cultivating a humanitarian approach, progressive intellectuals ushered in an era of societal reconstruction with the intention to establish primary equalities on the pervasive argument of human race. The experiment poised the United States for rebellion and lasting ramifications. The instantaneousRead MoreWilliam Dubois And African American Achievement Since The Paris World s Fair818 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam DuBois was one of this country s most important activist and educator. He was born in 1868 in a small village in Massachusetts. DuBois was attacked by racism in 19th century while attending Fisk University in Nashville. While completing his graduate studies at Harvard , W.E.B Duboi wrote an passage on the history of the slave trade. The slave trade is still considered one of the most talked about subject today. In 1895 W.E.B. Dubois was the first ever African American to earn a doctor degreeRead MoreAnalysis Of Up From Slavery By Booker T. Washington779 Words   |  4 Pagescontrol over the nation. For this reason, white people passed the Jim Crow laws to complicate African American lives by segregating them and giving them unequal opportunities to work, education, and etc. As a result, Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Dubois work on achieving equality and civil rights. On Up from Slavery, Booker T. Washington argues that â€Å"It is important and right that all privileges of the law be ours, but it is vastly more important that we be prepared for the exercise of these privilegesRead More Du Bois vs. Cox Essay1075 Words   |  5 Pagesthis concept of race develop into the immense issue we are facing now? According to Oliver C. Cox, the origin of race relations starts with ideas of ethnocentrism, intolerance, and racism. W. E. B. Du Bois said that if what want to find the truth out about race we need to look at the history of the world past the last centuries. The origin of race in my judgment as resulted from both history and the concepts mentioned in Cox’s opinion. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;He was an African American sociologistRead MoreThe Souls Of Black Folk By William E. B. Dubois1066 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Souls of Black Folk† was written in 1903 by William E. B. Dubois (4). Dubois was an activist for civil rights and an author of many pieces regarding the lifestyle, struggle and historic patterns of African Americans (4). Though Dubois was born after the abolition of slavery, he knew the prospects of the African American struggle were most likely formed due to the conditions of black lives during slavery. Dubois was also an educator and advocate for educational opportunities in black communitiesRead MoreEurope Is Nothing Without Africa Not The Other Way Around1104 Words   |  5 Pagesaggression, conciliatory pressure, invasions from the military, prospective journeys and colonization. Although African societies put up resistance the scramble for African soil was taken by the Europeans. W.E.B Dubois declares his concept of the color line providing the dark cynical view of the worlds relationship to black civilization and its potential following the Berlin conference. The Berlin Conference was called to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa during the Imperialism periodRead MoreThe New Land Of America Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagespart of this revolutionary age. Led by Franà §ois Dominique Toussaint-L Ouverture, black rebels overthrew the colonial government, ended slavery in the colony, and in 1804 established the republic of Haiti, the first independent black republic in the world†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Harrold). The Movement was not widely popular in America until 1830’s. This is when the two thoughts on slavery started to cause tension. There were those that were for slavery and those that were against. These conflicting points of viewRead MoreCitizen : An American Lyric By Claudia Rankine1604 Words   |  7 Pages Citizen takes on a very distinct impression of separate identities competing in one person. W.E.B. Dubois seems to lay the foundation for the recurring experience described or seemingly described in Citizen when he says, â€Å"It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his two-ness,—an American, a Negro; two souls

The Etiology of Addiction Disease Model Essay examples

Addiction is like all behaviours â€Å"the business of the brain†. Addictions are compulsive physical and psychological needs from habit-forming sustenances like nicotine, alcohol, and drugs. Being occupied with or involved in such activities, leads a person who uses them again and again to become tolerant and dependent eventually experiencing withdrawal. (Molintas, 2006). Addictive drugs cause dopamine neurons to release dopamine, the pleasure hormone. The narcotics disable the neurons that would usually keep the dopamine neurons in check; becoming over stimulated. Endorphins are produced and released within the brain, creating a high and reinforcing the individual’s positive associations with the activity. Hence â€Å"the rush† (Molintas, 2006)†¦show more content†¦(David Capuzzi, 2008, p. 20) Those people who over consumed were regarded as weak-willed or sinful but were not felt to be a threat to society. Records indicate that people sought help for drinking problems in Egypt approximately 5000 years ago. Even though there has been substantial research, many questions remain regarding addiction (David Capuzzi, 2008, p. 20). Historically in the later part of the 18th century, the teachings and writings of Benjamin Rush actually precipitated the birth of the American disease concept of alcoholism as an addiction (David Capuzzi, 2008, p. 10). Benjamin Rush; a physician, originally from Philadelphia began to write about inebriety (UnKnown, 2011). He referred to this condition as a disease of the will, resulting in loss of control, and that over-drinking behaviour is curable but only through abstinence (David Capuzzi, 2008, p. 10) (UnKnown, 2011). The rationale for this view was that no rational person would deliberately engage in a behaviour that was both anti-social and harmful to them. Hence they must be consuming substances against their will, which is unlike normal people. They had no control over their consumption so they had to have a â€Å"disease† (UnKnown, 2011). In 1960 E.M. Jellinek a scientist, was credited for introducing this controversial and initially popular model of addiction from past research of the late 1930`s and early 1940`s. His findings have received wide acceptance however, the research from which heShow MoreRelatedMontoyaW Conceptualizingaddictionpaper1080 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Conceptualizing Addiction Paper Montoya Williams BSHS/455 November 4, 2014 Carla Malewicz Conceptualizing Addiction Paper Introduction For many years, individuals have battled substance abuse and addiction. My position comes from hearing about it, having seeing results from it, and reading about it, also developing my own thoughts about addiction. 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Slang Words free essay sample

When I was younger there were many slang words I use to say. Slang words were used basically every time I opened my mouth. Slang words were a part of my vocabulary. Some of the slang words for example were, Aiight, yall, fasho and whats popping. These words were mainly used around close friends. When you greet someone you say to them â€Å"whats popping. † Also when you’re talking about more than one person, that’s when you use the slang word â€Å"yall. The other two slang words can be used for the same thing. If I was to ask one of my friends to bring me something back from the store, he or she can say â€Å"aiight† or â€Å"fasho. † Slang words are still used today and there is a long list of words you can use. I think different slang words have rubbed off on adults because I hear more and more of them saying them. We will write a custom essay sample on Slang Words or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The slag I use and my friends use have rubbed off on my mother. She is starting to use slang more than me. Also my brother likes to rap so we both get a lot of slang from him. I don’t think I ever heard one of my teacher’s using slang. I don’t think its professional for them to use slang while they are teaching, but I do think when they leave they use it. Everyone has used a little bit of slang throughout their life. I believe that slang will never go away, because it’s something we use to communicate with one another.

An analyses on Mount Franklin Market Positioning Strategy Essay Essay Example

?An analyses on Mount Franklin Market Positioning Strategy Essay Essay 1. IntroductionWater is the fountain of all life and is a premier demand of the organic structure. Over 60 per centum of our organic structure weight is made up of H2O. In Australia, most people are imbibing tapped H2O straight at place, but while going or eating out in eating houses, purchasing bottled H2O has become one of the most popular picks This demand has been good explored by some drink manufacturers, both local and abroad. So today there are assorted trade names of imbibing H2O in Australian market. Among them, Mount Franklin’ ( start from 1994 ) has become Australia’s favorite H2O trade name and the most recognized. This paper focuses on analyzing Mount Franklin’s selling positioning scheme by utilizing perceptual function method, in order to analyze a successful trade name in imbibing H2O industry and supply recommendations for a new trade name that would wish to come in into this market. We will write a custom essay sample on ?An analyses on Mount Franklin Market Positioning Strategy Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on ?An analyses on Mount Franklin Market Positioning Strategy Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on ?An analyses on Mount Franklin Market Positioning Strategy Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 2. Selling constructs a. Market positioningPositioning can be defined as ‘†¦ the act of planing the company’s offering so that it occupies a meaningful and distinguishable place in the mark customer’s mind.’ ( Jobber A ; Fahy, 2009 ) It is the concluding and fatal phase of the procedure of mark selling scheme which involves planing merchandise characteristics and image which are separating from rivals in the bing market for the intent of appealing to the specific mark market section. It is combined selling schemes that result in how the administration wants a merchandise or trade name to be perceived by the market. Positioning is straight related to trade name values, market demographics and the image of the merchandise in the market place. b. Perceptual function Perceptual function is a diagrammatic technique used by plus sellers that attempts to visually expose the perceptual experiences of clients or possible clients.3. Trade names presentinga. Mount FranklinOwned by Coca-Cola Amatil, Mount Franklin took the prima place in Australian bottle H2O market in past decennary, and accounted for 20 % off-trade volume gross revenues in 2012. Harmonizing to Coca-Cola’s market research, Mount Franklin H2O has a 99 per centum trade name consciousness and 43 per centum of females aged 25-39 say that Mount Franklin is their favorite trade name. B. Mount Franklin’s market positioning scheme Mount Franklin represents and promotes an overall sense of wellbeing. Young female theoretical account Jennifer Hawkins as trade name famous person which promotes the healthy and fresh image of its merchandise. Make the trade name closely associated to the community ; to this terminal Mount Franklin has established the Drink Positive, Think Positive, run. Furthermore, the trade name has enhanced this connexion through its community partnerships with the National Breast Cancer Foundation. Make consumers feel the purchase of Mount Franklin as assisting themselves and the environment by altering the bundle to â€Å"the easy-crush bottle† which is good for the environment every bit good as being similar to that of the original merchandise. The new 600ml Mount Franklin Easy-Crush Bottle is made with 35 % less plastic and has a C footmark which is 27 % lighter than the old bottle. Be of support to Australian economic system by devouring Mount Franklin H2O as the local trade name. c. Other trade names in Australian market Along with the figure one bands, there are 100s of other imbibing H2O trade names in Australian market. Although barely close to Mount Franklin’s taking place, some of them are doing rational market portion, including Pump ( another imbibing H2O trade names owned by Coca-Cola ) , Evian, NU Pure, Mount Lofty, Coles bottled H2O, Woolworth bottled H2O, etc. 4. A perceptual map of imbibing H2O market in AustraliaA perceptual map could be in two dimensions or multiple dimensions, depending on the properties taken into consideration when analyzing a mark market.a. QualityAs a necessity of life, quality of H2O is most critical property when people choose a bottled H2O. ‘Mount Franklin’ spring H2O is collected locally and bottled daily. It is filtered three times via micro filters, to extinguish any bantam atoms of course found in spring H2O. This ensures that every bottle of ‘Mount Franklin’ is of exceeding pureness and quality. B. Monetary value Drinking H2O, as a commercial merchandise, its monetary value ranks secondly of import. Normally, consumers will compare the monetary value accessible in market place when buying a merchandise. Mount Franklin’s monetary values vary from shop to hive away. In CCA peddling machines the monetary value for a 600mL bottle is $ 3.00, which comparably higher. c. Accessibility It is about how easy consumers could buy a mark merchandise and do an of import function in fast traveling consumer goods industry including drinking H2O. Mount Franklin is found widely in supermarkets, convenience shops, peddling machines and other seller services e.g. gasoline Stationss and newsdealers. d. Brand consciousness Consumers are more likely to take a well-known trade name when the face more than one options. As mentioned before, Mount Franklin H2O has a 99 per centum trade name consciousness in Australia. e. Design and packaging Stylish design in bundle may pull more attending, by publishing Jennifer Hawkins’ image on light triping H2O bottle wrap, it is thought to be stylish by some immature people to keep a bottle of that H2O. f. Perceptual Function Technically, it is difficult to pull a perceptual map by taking all these properties into consideration. Three of them will be demonstrated in the undermentioned diagram: g. Analyse on perceptual functionNormally, trade names with high consciousness in public monetary value higher on their merchandises, meanwhile, high quality is required to keep the positive image in consumers. As imbibing merchandise, consumers are more likely to do determinations trust on the trade name consciousness. Price is besides an of import property, so the merchandises with sensible monetary value besides make good gross revenues. Big trade names such as Kales and Woolworth can easy develop related accessory merchandises by utilizing their trade names influence. 5. DecisionAs a critical scheme, positioning dramas a important function in doing market determinations. As an efficient tool, perceptual function provides marketer a ocular indicant of consumers’ perceptual experience of how a trade name or a merchandise compares with its rivals. An of import point should be mentioned here, the place of a trade name is movable instead than fixed. ( which related another selling procedure i.e. shifting ) By analyzing the places on a regular basis of their ain and rivals, sellers may make up ones mind where and when necessary make a alteration to their place. 6. Recommendations As a new trade name planning to come in into a specific market, it is an effectual manner of acquiring a related perceptual function to analyze the mark market. It is besides critical to place the trade name in a sensible manner. Usually it is a wise pick for a new trade name to get down from the market with less rivals. Sometimes companies that are located in similar place in conceptual map might non rivals. Mount Franklin set a good illustration of positioning trade names with societal connexion. 7. MentionsDavid J. and John F. 2009, Foundations of selling, 3rd ed. , McGraw-Hill higher Education,5: 120-122 Dong J. K. , Woo G. K. and Jin S. H. , A perceptual function function of on-line travel bureaus and penchant properties. Tourist Management 28 ( 2007 ) 591-603 Liz H. and Terry O.2004, Foundation selling, 3rd ed. , Prentice Hall,6:167-169 Australia’s First Bottled Water Brand 2012, Mount Franklin, viewed 3 April 2014, hypertext transfer protocol: //mountfranklinwater.com.au/our-story/ Australian-bottled-water-market-led-by-Coca-Cola-s-Mount-Franklin, viewed 3 April,2014, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.companiesandmarkets.com/News/Food-and-Drink/Australian-bottled-water-market-led-by-Coca-Cola-s-Mount-Franklin/NI8553 Mount Franklin, Drink Positive, Think Positive, viewed 3 April 2014, hypertext transfer protocol: //prezi.com/yjdi190hvzko/copy-of-copy-of-copy-of-mount-franklin/

The Skin Were In essays

The Skin We're In essays Humans inhabit most land areas all over our earth, and each of us is different. From our hair color, skin color and body shape everyone is physically unique. Human skin color ranges from pale pink to very dark brown and every shade in between. But why are there different skin colors and what purpose did it serve in our evolution for a change in skin color? It was a long process going from hairy chimpanzee-like creatures to the much more thin haired homo-sapiens we are today, and its the purpose of this report to let you know just how it happened. Humans are among the only primates with a variance in skin color within our species. It doesnt take a great deal of observation to note that peoples with darker skin tend to naturally inhabit regions near the equator and the closer they live to either pole the lighter their skin tone. Humans have been evolving separately from our close-hairy relative for about seven million years. Chimpanzees naturally have light skin covered by thick, dark hair all over their bodies with the exception of their hands, feet and face that tend to be a darker skin with freckles and moles. It is expected that early humans began loosing hair as an adaptation for keeping cool. As our naked bodies slowly became more exposed to the damaging UV and UVB sunlight radiations, our skins began darkening, which was originally thought to be a defense against skin cancer. Skin on the thin haired parts of our body has cells that produce melanin called when exposed to UV radiation called melanocytes. Melanin acts like natures sunscreen; this is why it was originally linked to cancer prevention. Although this doesnt make much sense for our early relatives because cancers dont usually appear until older age and early man wasnt living past his twenties, so there must have been another reason our bodies lost their hair and began producing melanin. ...

Chipotle food company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Chipotle food company - Essay Example it governance risk indicators which makes the company have low risks in its board, audit and compensation and a medium risk in shareholders’ rights. With the high rate of quarterly revenue growth of 24.50% against 8.90% of the industry, the company has experienced a steady growth in its branch network. Moreover, it is among the top companies in terms of market capitalization with a ROE of 23.64%, which guarantees investors of a good return. For the company to enjoy high performance, it should restructure its employment policies to word off concerns by investors due to the audits concerning immigrant workers (Schriftenreihe & Buchholz , 2008). 2. Review of the company and its business Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc is among the top service provision companies in the restaurant industry with a market capitalization of 7.75 B US dollars. It competes directly with companies such as Panda Restaurant Group, Inc, Taco Bell Corporation and Odoba Restaurant Corporation which are privately owned companies. Nevertheless, the company has indirect competitors such as Whitebread PLC, Mitchells & Butlers PLC and McDonald Corp whose market capitalization is higher. Over the years, this company has continued to spread its tentacles and has managed to establish a large network in US in 33 states. The expansion has made it find new ways of serving its large clientele through product innovations and appealing selling propositions Key product lines Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc has a wide range of products made up of dishes and beverages. These include burritos, selected beer, salads, salsas, lettuce, tacos, fruit drinks, burrito bowls, cheese, margaritas, a variety of meat types and guacamole. These gives the company a leverage as the customers have a wide variety to choose from. The extensive branch network in the 33 states in United States which are augmented by other branches in UK and Canada makes the company and its subsidiary serve a wide geographical area. The company lev erages its products by using natural ingredients which makes the products unique and appealing to many customers. This is manifested by the long queues especially during lunch times (Wylie, 2009). Strengths The competitive advantage over other business competitors is dependent on the goals and vision as well as mission thereof. The prudential guidelines make a company be able to offer quality products and efficient services to its customers. Moreover, a company gets the motivation to expand its network in a wide geographical area as its products and services get a high demand. The strengths of a company therefore, put a company in a good position to do business and be able to make profits even when others are counting losses. These key driving forces can be product innovations, strong financial postings, efficient and competent workforce, diversified business operations, competent management, conducive working environment as well as better terms of pay and compensation, and well tho ught and articulated financial and business operation policies. This is also boosted by establishment of clear

Economics of Environment and Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economics of Environment and Energy - Essay Example This applies especially to those who only view environmental concerns, as anti-economic Transitioning to a low carbon economy is indispensable if the world is to continue uninterrupted by environmental degradation. Researchers have made a prediction that continued greenhouse gas emissions would result in a rise of temperature by 6Â °C before 22nd century. This temperature rise will result in problems such as drought and floods, global instability, public health related deaths and rampant migrations of people. All these problems will befall the world community including the UK. For the world to avoid these disastrous effects, global carbon dioxide emissions must fall to at least 50% below the levels of 1990 by the year 2050 (DECC, 2011,pp 3). This will ensure that world temperatures will not rise more than 2Â °C. In some past UN talks, the European Union promised to cut carbon dioxide emissions to 20% below the levels of 1990 by the year 2020. To reduce carbon dioxide emissions and fund emissions cuts in developing countries, the European Union has created the world’s largest emissions scheme (Leticia et al, 2012). The transition to reduce carbon dioxide emissions will happen but not without challenges. The UK will face the challenge of getting alternative energy sources that are environmentally friendly to run industries. Climate change needs urgent solutions to prevent ecological catastrophes, political and economic instability, and human suffering. According to Lund (2009, p.88), efforts to minimize greenhouse gas emissions will provide international security and improve energy, new economic opportunities, a fair society and a better environment. This paper will deal with energy consumption trends and prices in the UK, role of competitive markets in delivering the low carbon economy and government’s intervention in fostering the economy. The trends in energy consumption and prices have been on the rise in the whole world with the challenges of employing the use of environmentally sources of energy. Energy production of 2010 was down by 5.3% compared to the 2009 production in the United Kingdom (DECC, 2012, pp 2). Energy consumption normally becomes high during cold seasons, and thus in a cold year we expect a rise in energy consumption. This happens because people use lots of energy to keep warm their dwellings during cold times. In 2010, the final energy consumption rose by 4.4% while primary consumption of energy was up by 3.2%. However, the primary consumption on the temperature-adjusted basis fell down by 0.4 per cent. This happened because the average temperatures of the year 2010 were 1.1Â °C below those of 2009. The year 2010 saw the UK remaining a net energy importer, importing 28 per cent of its energy requirement. Because of reduced nuclear output due to outages, imports of liquefied natural gas increased. The tables below show the final energy consumption in the year 2010. By users Sector Percentage Transport 35.0 Domestic 30.5 Non-energy use 5.5 Iron and steel industry 1.0 Other industries 16.5 Other final users 11.5 By fuels Type of fuel Percentage consumption Natural gas 33.0 Electricity 17.5 Petroleum 45.5 Others 4.0 The final total energy consumption was 159.1 million tones of oil equivalent. From the tables, we can see that UK had increased dependency on fossil fuels, and the transport sector was the leading consumer of total energy consumption. In the fourth quarter of 2011, total energy production fell by 13% as compared to the productions in the

Pre-match competitive anxiety

Pre-match competitive anxiety Pattern of Pre-Match Competitive Anxiety in Elite Male Rugby Union Players. 1. Introduction Significant progress into the understanding of anxiety in sport has been made in recent years with the aid of research by such researchers at Burton (1988), Gould et al. (1987) and Martens and Gill (1976). In turn this has enabled sport psychologists to gain a deeper understanding into what causes competitive anxiety and the way in which athletes cope with it (Jarvis, 2006). The ability to cope with anxiety in all sports is essential as it could make the difference between winning and losing a competition. 1.1 Identifying the Problem There is a lack of research into the effects of anxiety on sporting performance, especially in male rugby. In team sports it is particularly important to breakdown all aspects of the performance. The key issues researched in this paper are somatic and cognitive anxiety. From research it is clear that the failure to control these areas leads to unsuccessful teams (Yerkes Dodson, 1968; Feltz, 1988; Martens et al., 1990; Cox, 1998; Weinberg Gould, 2007). 1.2 Research Aims and Questions The main aim of the research is to examine the pattern of pre-match competitive anxiety in elite male rugby union players. With the use of the CSAI-2 and interviews, the effects that anxiety has on sporting performance will be investigated. There are three questions to be answered in this research piece: How does cognitive state-anxiety affect sporting performance? What affects does somatic state-anxiety has on sporting performance? How can self-confidence affect the level of sporting performance? According to LeUnes (1996), developments in the literature written around anxiety have focused on the multidimensional nature of the phenomenon. Therefore, all results will be analysed and compare with the predictions proposed by the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory by Martens et al. (1990) which is explained in the Methodology section. 1.2 Importance of Research The findings from this research will be beneficial to coaches as they will provide a better understanding of how anxiety levels affect performance. The research will also be important to athletes, in this case rugby union players, as they will gain a deeper understanding into the reasons behind their feelings of anxiety and self-confidence. By gaining a further understanding in this area, performance levels can be increased with the aid of appropriate preparation during training and before matches. Coping strategies could also be introduced to the players to enable them to control their levels of anxiety prior to matches. 1.3 Context The research for this research project will take place at a local amateur rugby club. The club was set up in July 1898 and just before the Second World War the land was purchased and the pitches were laid. By 1975 the club had a fully erected club house with squash courts. The club consists of 6 senior teams; Colts, Ladies, Vikings, Rhinos (Veterans), Wanderers and 1st XV. There are also teams for youth boys from U7 through to U17, and U15 and U18 teams for girls. The selected team for research is the 1st XV mens team. Although the research is being carried out in this local rugby club, the results and findings can be applied to any other sports club across the country. The level and gender of the club or team will however make a difference to how the players react to certain situations. 1.4 Outline of the Study This research will be split further into five further chapters: Chapter Two: Literature review in which I will be developing an overview of the field. Chapter Three: Methodology will explain how I set out to investigate my research and why I chose the methods used. Chapter Four: Results will present the findings of the research piece in chart form. Chapter Five: Discussion Analysis explains what I found out during the research project. It will relate them back to my literature review and compare them to the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory. Chapter Six: Conclusion will explain my findings and close up the research project. 2. Literature Review This literature review will be written in four sections. Each one will be looking into the effects of anxiety on performance in sport. Section one will look at the definitions of trait and state anxiety and self confidence. Section two will be looking into the research around anxiety and its effects on performance, both positive and negative. The third section will be investigating the causes of anxiety; fear of failure, parental, peers and coaches influences, social physique anxiety, and location. The final section will be exploring the characteristics of anxiety during performance in sport. Objective and Data Sources This research project provides an insight into the affects of anxiety on the performance of a selected rugby team. Database searches were done using SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO and EBSCOhost in order to find significant literature. The key words rugby, anxiety, performance, coaches, location, parents, and team were entered into the databases to bring up relevant articles. Only appropriate, peer reviewed data was extracted for this review. 2.1 Trait and State Anxiety, and Self-Confidence. Anxiety can be defined as, A state in which the individual experiences feelings of uneasiness (apprehension) and activation of the autonomic nervous system in response to a vague nonspecific threat. (Barry, 2002:p230; Carpenito-Moyet, 2006:p11). Anxiety is viewed as an enduring personality factor or trait referred to as A-trait (Davies, 1989:p70). 2.1.1 Trait Anxiety Trait anxiety is part of the personality, an acquired behavioural tendency or disposition that influences behaviour (Weinberg Gould, 2007:p79). Individuals with a high level of trait anxiety have a tendency to regard certain situations as threatening, and respond to these with an increased level of state anxiety (Spielberger, 1971). For example, two hockey goal keepers are of the same standard yet one has a higher level of trait anxiety and finds pressure of saving the goals too much. This leads to him displaying higher levels of state anxiety. Anxiety is also viewed as a temporary state, A-state which is evoked by particular situations (Davies, 1989:p70). 2.1.2 State Anxiety State anxiety can be defined as an emotional state characterized by subjective, consciously perceived feelings of apprehension and tension, accompanied by or associated with activation or arousal of the autonomic nervous system (Spielberger, 1966:p17). For example, the level of an athletes state anxiety will change during a rugby match. Before the game the player may have a high level of state anxiety, during the game it may lower as they settle into the game, and finally during the last few minutes of a tight game it may rise again. State anxiety can be split further into cognitive state anxiety, and somatic state anxiety (LeUnes Nation, 1996). In support of this proposal that the two aspects of state anxiety can be dealt with as independent constructs, both Burton (1988) and Gould et al. (1987) have proven through research that sporting performance is affected by the type of anxiety being measured. Cognitive anxiety can be defined as the mental component of state anxiety caused by such things as fear of negative social evaluation, fear of failure, and loss of self-esteem (Cox, 1998:p98). Somatic anxiety refers to the physiological and affective elements of the anxiety experience that develop directly from autonomic arousal (Martens et al., 1990:p6). Somatic anxiety is shown in responses such as increase in heart rate, breathlessness, sweaty palms, and muscular tension (Martens et al., 1990; Morris et al, 1981; Cox, 1998). Research by Hanton et al., (2000) examined the cognitive and somatic anxiety levels in 50 rugby players and 50 target rifle shooters. Hanton et al. (2000) concluded that rugby players were more likely to report that somatic anxiety had a positive impact on their sporting performance. However, the target rifle shooters reported that it had a negative impact on their performance. Somatic and cognitive anxiety can be tested using the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) developed by Martens et al. and first presented in 1982. 2.1.3 Self-Confidence Vealey (1986) defined sports confidence as the amount of confidence athletes possess about their ability to be successful in sport. Vealey (2001) suggested that self-confidence can be more traitlike or statelike depending on the time that it is measured. In essence, confidence might be something that an individual feels on a particular day (state self-confidence), or it might be part of their personality (trait self-confidence). Research carried out by Hall et al. (1998), suggests that self-confidence is closely related to perceived ability and is depressed with the onset of competition due to the increase in anxiety. As explained in literature by Horn (2008:p66), self-confidence is rooted in beliefs and expectations. If overall self-confidence is low and the player(s) expect something to go wrong, they are creating a self-fulfilling prophecy (Weinberg Gould, 2007). This means that expecting something to happen actually helps it to happen. For example, if a team thinks that they will lose the upcoming match because they lost last time they stand a greater chance of losing than winning. The expectation of failure leads to actual failure, which lowers self-image and increases expectations for future failure (Weinberg Gould, 2007:p323). 2.2 Anxiety and Performance. As a result of the development of the CSAI-2, the Multidimensional Theory of Anxiety has been recognised in the field of sport psychology (McNally, 2002). The Multidimensional Theory of Anxiety is based on the idea that anxiety is comprised of two distinct parts; cognitive and somatic (as defined in section 2.1). Both of these components have different effects on performance and can be manipulated separately in any occasion (Burton, 1998; Cox, 1998; McNally, 2002). The Multidimensional Anxiety Theory predicts that cognitive state anxiety is negatively related to performance. However, the theory predicts that the somatic state anxiety is related to performance in an inverted U shape which can be seen in Appendix 1 . Certain levels of anxiety can be advantageous for the performers, but only but to a certain level. Beyond this level the anxiety causes performance to decline (Martens et al., 1990; Hanin, 2000; Weinberg Gould, 2007). According to Endler (1978), there are five factors that can be responsible for an increase in state anxiety in an athlete; threat to an individuals ego, threat of personal harm, ambiguity, disruption of routine, and threat of a negative social evaluation. A high level of anxiety is disadvantageous for optimum performance in competitive sport (Davies, 1989:p71). This is demonstrated by the fact that more anxious individuals generally do worse in important events compared to less important events and practise sessions. This is supported by research carried out by Martens et al. (1990), Martin Gill (1991), and Eys et al. (2003). Martens et al. (1990) suggests that somatic anxiety has an Inverted-U shaped relationship with performance, whereas cognitive anxiety has a negative linear relationship with performance as shown in Appendix 2 . Similar results had been found by Parfitt and Hardy (1991). They found that there were both positive and negative effects for somatic anxiety during performance related activities just before an important event or match during the time that cognitive anxiety was at a high level (McNally, 2002). Anxiety can be a huge setback for many athletes, especially those who take part in individual sports, such as tennis singles, and for those who play in exposed positions, such as goalkeepers in hockey (Davies, 1989). Research has proven that there is an optimum level of anxiety for maximum performance. It was also proven that both high and low levels of anxiety are related to poor levels of performance (Yerkes Dodson, 1968; Feltz, 1988; Martens et al., 1990; Cox, 1998). According to research carried out by Martin and Gill (1991), a players level of anxiety varies depending on how important or challenging the match or competition is. More able players will therefore not be so adversely affected by high levels of anxiety, where as less able players will be as they see the match as challenging and good results will seem unrealistic. Sigmund Freud (1962) did a lot of research into anxiety. In 1962 he focused on the anticipatory nature of anxiety. From this research he concluded that some individuals expect to win or fail, and therefore become more or less anxious according to their expectations. An important piece of research into state anxiety among successful and unsuccessful competitors who differ in competitive trait anxiety was carried out by Martens and Gill (1976). From the research they concluded that the individuals who maintained low levels of A-state throughout the competition were highly successful. This supports the research carried out by Martens (1990) and Parfitt and Hardy (1991) with the Inverted-U shaped relationship between anxiety and performance. Anxiety, therefore is a central factor in performance in competitive sport (Davies, 1989:p72). It is exasperating and disheartening for a talented and committed sportsman when their performance crumbles during competition due to over-anxiety. This is avoidable if the individual is suitably prepared emotionally and emphasis is on the learning and enjoyment of the game. However, this could be difficult to enforce with a professional sportsman who may potentially have external rewards undermining intrinsic motivation (Weinburg and Gould, 2007). 2.3 Causes of Anxiety. This section will be looking into the issues surrounding the causes of anxiety in sports performers. These will include fear of failure, parental, peers and coaches influences, and event importance. Relevant literature has been reviewed and presented in the section below. 2.4.1 Fear of Failure For many people, sport is an important arena in which ones ability, motivation, and personality are scrutinized and evaluated by other people (Leary Kowalski, 1995:p122). Whenever individuals step onto the sports field they are at risk of showing themselves in an unflattering perspective. They may worry about displaying signs of being out of shape, unskilled, incompetent and unable to handle pressure to their fans, teammates, coaches and family (Passer, 1983; Davies, 1989; Leary Kowalski, 1995; Jarvis, 2006). Research by Pierce (1980) concluded that youth sport participants worried more about making mistakes and underperforming than getting hurt and what others thought of them. One of the most potent causes of anxiety is the fear of failure (Davies, 1989:p73). This fear of failure would also be connected with the loss of prestige and humiliation. Research by Passer (1983) supports this theory as he found that fear of failure is a major cause of threat in competitive-trait-anxious children. This fear of failure can be evident in superior performers as there is an increased pressure to perform well when playing a less able opponent. Losing to a lower ranked team or player could be humiliating and result in a loss of prestige and reputation (Davies, 1989; Leary Kowalski, 1995). The player may have the ability and skills to win the match, but due to their constant worry of how they are going to perform they end up underperforming (Passer, 1983). However, for professional athletes this adverse affect of anxiety on performance will be less as they have learnt to cope with such situations and are able to deal with them accordingly. An example of a highly skilled player is Roger Federer (aged 27). Federer met the young Spaniard, Rafael Nadal (aged 22) in the Wimbledon finals in 2008. Federer was the current Wimbledon champion and had held the title for 5 consecutive years; this would have been his 6th World Championship title. Federers defeat could have been due to the excessive amount of media coverage before the match adding to the pressure of him winning yet another title against a younger competitor. At the same time, the pressure would have equally been placed on Nadal to knock Federer off the top spot. Federer commented after the game Its not a whole lot of fun, but thats the way it is. I can only congratulate Rafa for a great effort (BBC Sport, 2008).The game was incredibly close; 6-4, 6-4, 6-7(5), 6-7(8), 9-7 (BBC Sport, 2008), and has gone down in history as the longest ever Wimbledon final. 2.3.2 Parental, Peers and Coaches Influences Parents and coaches can sometimes be far too pushy and ambitious and in turn increase the stress and anxiety levels within the athlete. According to Jarvis (1990), it is apparent that both high and low expectations of performance can be linked to levels of anxiety. The over-concern and high levels of anxiety shown by anyone close to the athlete is likely to heighten their anxiety also, and in turn could damage the chances of success. Too much pressure from teachers, coaches and family can add tremendously to competitive anxiety (Jarvis, 1990: p118). Passer (1983) concluded from his research that highly anxious individuals are very worried about performing badly as this will bring about criticism and disapproval from their peers, parents and coaches. However, Smith et al. (1979) developed a coach-training program designed to help coaches create an environment for the athletes to feel comfortable and less anxious in. The Coach Effectiveness Training gives the coaches the skills and ability to create a socially supportive environment through frequent use of positive reinforcement, encouragement, and technical instruction, while discouraging the use of punitive behaviours (Smith et al., 2006:p492). Smith et al. (1995) discovered through research that there were significant reductions in performance-anxiety among children who played for a coach that had experienced the Coach Effectiveness Training. The children who were exposed to trained coaches showed a decrease in levels of anxiety over the season, whereas the other group who were exposed to untrained coaches showed an increase on the Sports Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS) (Smith et al., 2006). A frequent source of anxiety is the presence of spectators; these can be friends, family, coaches or even complete strangers. Sometimes performance is enhanced, sometimes it deteriorates and sometimes there is little discernible difference (Davies, 1989:p83). According to literature the performance of stable and confident players usually improves when an audience is present, whereas that of anxious players tends to decrease (Weinberg Gould, 2007; Jarvis, 2006; Martens et al., 1990). Research also shows that the effect of an audience on superior players is positive, and for the less able player the audience presents them with an increase in anxiety and stress which in turn causes them to underperform. According to work carried out by Haas and Roberts (1975), Martens and Landers (1972) and Green (1983) the perceived role of the observer is an important factor for the athlete or performer. It has been suggested that if the observer occupies an important, judgmental role then this gener ates feelings of anxiety. The researchers found that on the other hand, if the spectators are seen as being positive and supportive, for example a coach, they will be generally welcomed by the performer. 2.3.3 Event Importance. The more important a sporting event is, the more stressful we are likely to find it (Jarvis, 1990: p118). However, it is important to remember that it is the importance of the event to the individual that is counts, not the status of the competition. An event may seem insignificant to most people but may be important to an individual (Weinberg Gould, 2007). An example of this could be that an individual is competing against their old club team; there would be an increased desire to perform well and potentially beat them. Research carried out by Sanderson in 1977 on 64 of the best badminton players in England aged between 18 and 21; found that the perceived importance of the competition was a significant factor leading to A-State reactions (Sanderson, 1981). Marchant et al. (1998) conducted an experiment with pairs of golfers. The golfers were either competing for three new golf balls, or a pair of new golfing shoes. Obviously, the golf shoes made the competition into a high importance one, and therefore the players experienced more anxiety than those competing for the golf balls. An example of a player who was able to cope with the increase in anxiety is Jonny Wilkinson who took a drop goal to win England the 2003 Rugby World Cup in the final play of the game. If Wilkinson had been affected by the anxiety and pressure of the level of competition, he may have missed the goal. 2.4 Anxiety: Performance Characteristics. In sporting competitive situations, the anxious performer tends to become over-aroused, tense, and far too worried to perform to the best of their ability. The increase in muscle tension can interfere with coordination causing the performance levels to decrease (Burton, 1988; Smith et al., 2006; Weinberg Gould, 2007). The feeling on inadequacy and lack of self-confidence hinders the sporting performance (Davies, 1989). For example in a competitive rugby match a player who suffers a high level of anxiety may lack confidence when going in for a tackle. This could result in the player passing him and scoring a try, but most probably resulting in injury as they are not fully committed to the tackle. The highly anxious person is slower to react in the stressful competitive situation than he is in the relatively relaxed conditions of practice (Davies, 1989:p75). During tense, crucial parts of the match the over-anxious player may show unforced errors; for example in rugby they may miss a penalty kick and in tennis a double-fault may be played. Unforced errors may occur during the match; this can include forward passes, a knock-on, or a late tackle. 3. Methodology In order to achieve the objectives of this research project, a variety of appropriate research methods have been chosen, using both primary and secondary data. Before research was collected it was important to establish a research process which acted as a framework throughout the research project. During this chapter the strengths and weaknesses of the potential research method is discussed and only the suitable and most relevant have been selected for this study. 3.1 Paradigm Rationale There are two broad research traditions; qualitative which answers questions such as why and how, and quantitative which answers questions such as what and when ( See appendix page 27 table) (Gratton Jones, 2004). As I am interested in researching a particular phenomenon I mainly carried out quantitative data collection. I measured how anxiety affects performance, both positively and negatively within the mens 1st XV at Reading Rugby Football Club. It was decided to mix quantitative data with qualitative data to make the research more credible and valid. Many researchers such as Nau (1995) and Jayaratne (1993) have suggested that blending qualitative and quantitative methods of research can produce a result highlighting significant findings from each. Henderson et al. (1999) suggests that using anecdotes and narratives to support quantitative data can provide clarity to the findings. Linking the two types of data can give a bigger picture of the issues around the subject. During this research project, quantitative data was collected to provide numerical data from a large sample, whereas the qualitative data collected provides rich data from a smaller sample (Gratton Jones, 2004). 3.2 Research Approach The research question Pattern of pre-match competitive anxiety in elite mate rugby union players includes elements taken from both an inductive and deductive approach to research. When researching around the subject of how anxiety affects performance, a deductive approach appears to be more appropriate to the research project as it was unnecessary for the researcher to come up with a new theory. A large amount of research has already been carried out into the affects of anxiety on sporting performance, evident in the literature review. For this piece of research the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory proposed by Martens et al.,(1990) was used. The theory is based on the idea that anxiety is comprised of two distinct parts; cognitive and somatic. The Multidimensional Anxiety Theory predicts that cognitive state anxiety is negatively related to performance, and that the somatic state anxiety is related to performance in an inverted U suggesting that there is an optimum level of anxiety (Weinberg Gould, 2007; Burton, 1998; Cox, 1998; McNally, 2002). 3.3 Participants For this research into the effects of anxiety on performance, the mens 1st team of the amateur Reading Rugby Football Club was chosen. They were chosen as there is the opportunity to meet with the meet every week. From talking to the players it is apparent that the club has a mixture of professions; students, army personnel, mechanics, and business men. However, they all have one passion, and that is rugby. The ages of the players range from 18 to 38 years. There is a variety of experiences within the team; some players are in their first season of National 3 level rugby, whereas a number are in their fourth of fifth season at this level. Training takes place on a Tuesday and Thursday from 7:30pm until 9:30pm. During this time the players train, have physiotherapy (if it is needed), and they also have a meal together before going home. The amount of time that the team spends together off the pitch is vital for the development of team cohesion. 3.4 Data Collection During this research project, data was collected using both questionnaires and interviews. This section will look at questionnaires and interviews separately explaining the different types of question, and the advantages and disadvantages of both. 3.4.1 The Questionnaire Survey Following the research in Chapter 2, the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 has been chosen for this research. The inventory is a sport-specific, self-report that has been proven to be a reliable and valid measure in competitive situations of cognitive and somatic state anxiety and self-confidence. The CSAI-2 consists of a three 9-item subscales that measure cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence (Burton, 1988). Each of the 27 questions are rated on a 4-point Likert scale from not at all to very much so. The questionnaire was administered during the final hour before competition over a period of 14 weeks. The scores collected on each of the three scales provided a reference point from which to examine the rugby players patterns of multidimensional anxiety. 3.4.1.1 Types of Questionnaires According to Gratton and Jones (2004) questionnaires are possibly the most common method for collecting data in sports-related research. A questionnaire is simply a standardised set of questions to gain information from a subject (Gratton Jones 2004: 115). Questionnaires are associated with quantitative research where data is required from a large sample group. In this case the questionnaires measure the anxiety levels of the 1st XV team before matches. There are three types of questionnaire; postal, telephone and face to face questionnaires. Postal questionnaires are given or posted to the participants who then complete them in their own time; they are then posted back to the researcher. Telephone questionnaires are completed by the researcher while talking to the participant over the telephone. Face to face questionnaires are completed with both the participant and researcher in the same location. For this research the most appropriate way to collect data was to hand out self-completion questionnaires that were carried out face to face. Handing out the questionnaires saves postal and telephone costs, and also time. This was the best way for the researcher to collect the data that was needed before summarising it using tables and graphs (Gratton Jones, 2004). 3.4.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Questionnaires Advantages A well designed questionnaire provides little opportunity for the introduction of bias into the results. However, a badly designed questionnaire can sometimes lead to bias data, and therefore using questionnaires does not automatically mean that there is a reduction in bias (Thomas et al, 2005; Gratton Jones, 2010). The use of a questionnaire enables the participant to remain anonymous. This is advantageous when researching sensitive issues such as violence, drugs and, in this case the personal issue of anxiety. Enabling the participants to remain anonymous may increase the validity of the researchers results. As the CSAI-2 is being used the research has been provided with a well-structured means of collecting quantitative data.

Essay --

I. - Là ©vi-Strauss’ â€Å"La Pensà ©e Sauvage†, scientific explanation is substitution of the more intelligible complexity for the less intelligible - The Enlightenment viewed human nature as all the same, regularly defined, did not account for the variability of all of man through history - Culture arose from the idea that man is inseparable from his surroundings - There must be balance between universal and local (culturally determined), not dualistic like the Balinese in their dissociated trances II. - â€Å"Stratigraphic† conception of human factors, wherein man is composed of layers of different factors of humanity - Anthropologists began search for â€Å"consensus gentium† (consensus of all mankind) - For universal/particular dualism to stand, universal aspects must be substantial, grounded in scientific processes, defensible; Geertz thinks gentium approach fails - No generalizations can be made of man, except that - Parsons & others said that cultural universals are human responses to realities all humans face - Common human action is much more meaningful than simple response to need III. - Universals are accepted to avoid relativism and historicism, but the specific can teach a lot about the general - Culture is not complexes of concrete behavior patterns, but a set of control mechanisms to govern behavior - Man depends on such control mechanisms, and they are not genetic - Humans use social symbols and ideas to create meaning - Culture did not suddenly appear, it evolved with humanity; genetics were not enough so men were guided by and completed through the creation of culture - Humans have a great capacity to learn, but there is also much to be learned; culture helps us to learn that which we need to know IV. - Enlightenment thinking... ...p in a limitless ocean. Yet what is any ocean, but a multitude of drops?† So in the end, what does it matter that we are human? Maybe, as a Christians and humans, we must start viewing others as humans. We are so quick to apologize for what the church did to other humans in the crusades, or to humans before blacks were free. When we own up to our own humanness and stop the idea that we are the judge of who is human, maybe we will apologize to the gays, lesbians, bisexuals, pot smokers, democrats, republicans, and independents alike for what people have done to them in the name of the church. Against all odds, we are told that one man will never make a difference. I think the beauty of humanity is that it’s true. One man will never, ever make a difference by himself. But humanity as a whole, working together as one human race? That may just shake things up a bit. â€Æ'

Is Child Behavior Better or Worse Today Than It Was Years Ago Essay

Parents determine the behavior of their children. If a parent is willing to take the time and work at being consistent,children benefit. If you say â€Å"no†,it must mean†no†. It may mean that as a parent, you must get off that sofa and physically STOP a child from misbehaving; even requiring the child to remain in a â€Å"time out† location for inappropriate behavior. Parents who try to discipline their children by just telling them to stop a behavior, are not teaching the children respect authority, nor are they helping the child to become a responsible adult. Having said that, there seems to be a greater number of parents who are unwilling to spend the time and effort necessary to properly teach their children how to behave, resulting in a greater number of children who miss behave. Family life compared to a hundred years ago is on the decline. Everyone moves at a fast pace these days. My Father and Mother are working to maintain the home, while my sisters and my brother are left to their own devices and there isn’t a coming together to sit down and communicate on some level. There just doesn’t seem to be enough time in the day. Technology has advanced so much compared to a hundred years ago, that we are well on our way to fuel less cars and robotic companions. Yet, with advanced technology comes the added responsibilities to maintain and seek out other avenues for even far move advanced technologies to help support the life styles we have come accustomed to. Is this then better than before when we were thankful just to have light and running water in the house? Education is by far better today than a hundred years ago! The fields of learning have been opened up to boys and girls equally to seek out far greater possibilities than were even imaginable a hundred years ago. Yet, with this privilege of learning has came a decline in our education system. The lack of adequate teachers, the high rise in disrespect for authority, just the lack of caring whether you learn or not has affected our education system. A hundred years ago the thought of a higher education was just a dream for most. If you acquired a fifth grade reading level you were doing good. Learning was a privilege, and yet today we cast an education around as if it were an article of clothing. While there has been such great strides in our would today compared to a hundred years ago, we have missed out on the carefree, thankfulness, and appreciation of the things and others around us. We take for granted what we hoped to have or even imagined we could have years ago. But now in this generation child behavior is much worse than it was years ago. Disrespect for authority figures. The fault lies with the parents to be sure. We are told to cater to our childrens emotional â€Å"needs† and that coperal puminshment is bad for them. Children require constant training, patience and love – most of todays parents are too busy or selfish to make this kind of investment. If children are allowed to control and manipulate their parents as in the description above, the parent will be helpless to teach that child anything. Oh! I agree! its worse. This is a prime example of a child rearing gone wrong: and the sad thing is it’s all too common these days. Children are not raised to respect anything or anyone, and they suffer no consequences. If these children are our future, we are in trouble. -Beating Death Structure-setting a strong foundation for a successful future. any expert will tell you that every child needs structure to flourish- especially teens. As parents today we face an even greater challenge because of working parents, more activities and mobility of kids and teens, communication devices and networking websites. The purpose of the Parent Teen /Child Behavior contracts is to create a structure that eliminates gray areas, creates new habits, and helps create a peaceful home with more contentment and less chaos. Parent Contracts behavior charts and behavior contracts were design for parents with children or teens who need a little guidance with rules, respect,and boundaries. We created the parent child contracts in an easy to use format and anyone can download the file to a MAC or PC computer. The parent teen agreements can be printed and filled out easily. The parent contract elements are displayed on different pages so you can use any parent child agreement you’d like or throw away a certain behavior contract that don’t need to be used in your home with your youth. The teen /child behavior contracts were developed by troubled teen industry experts. This included professionals who have worked with defiant youth and used successful behavior modifacation tools including their own teen behavior contracts (home contracts). As we have updated the behavior charts and behavior contract templates we have consulted with some of the most experiences parent coaches and licensed and therapist to create the best parent teen child contracts.

The 8 Violations Of Media Objectivity Essay - 1051 Words

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